What happens during the process of translation in protein synthesis?

During translation in protein synthesis, ribosomes play a crucial role in reading the sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) to synthesize proteins. This process involves translating the genetic code carried by the mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids, which will ultimately fold and function as a protein.

The ribosome facilitates the binding of transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries the appropriate amino acids corresponding to each codon (a sequence of three nucleotides) on the mRNA. As the ribosome progresses along the mRNA strand, tRNA molecules bring amino acids in the correct order, aiding in the formation of peptide bonds between them. This process continues until a stop codon is reached, signaling the termination of protein synthesis.

The other choices reflect processes that do not occur during translation. For instance, DNA replication is a separate process that occurs before transcription and translation, specifically during cell division. Furthermore, tRNA is involved in transporting amino acids, not lipids, to ribosomes. Finally, breaking down proteins into amino acids describes catabolic processes, such as protein degradation, rather than the synthesis of proteins during translation. Thus, the correct answer focuses on the fundamental role of ribosomes in synthesizing proteins based on mRNA instructions.