What role do proteins play in cellular signaling?

Proteins are vital players in cellular signaling processes, primarily because they help transmit information between and within cells. Signaling proteins, such as receptors, are embedded in cell membranes or located inside cells, and they detect signals such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Upon receiving a signal, these proteins undergo conformational changes that initiate a cascade of events within the cell, effectively relaying the message and leading to a specific cellular response.

In addition to receptors, there are various types of signaling proteins, such as G-proteins and kinases, that further amplify and propagate the signal within the cell. This transmission of information is crucial for processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and response to environmental changes.

Other options focus on roles that proteins play beyond signaling. While enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, and structural proteins provide support and shape to cells, these functions do not encompass the dynamic role proteins have in signal transduction. Additionally, proteins do not store genetic information; that function is primarily performed by nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Therefore, acknowledging the significant role of proteins in transmitting information highlights their central importance in cellular communication and regulation.