Which symptom is NOT associated with sickle cell disease?

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to the deformation of red blood cells (RBCs) into a sickle shape. This condition can result in a range of symptoms due to various complications, mainly related to anemia and vaso-occlusive crises.

Jaundice is often observed in sickle cell disease because the destruction of sickled red blood cells leads to an increase in bilirubin levels, which manifests as jaundice— a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Similarly, pallor of the mucous membranes can occur as a result of anemia, where there is a reduced number of red blood cells transporting oxygen. Liver dysfunction can also be associated with sickle cell disease due to potential damage from repeated blood vessel blockages and increased workload on the liver from processing excess bilirubin.

Chronic sinusitis, however, is not a typical direct symptom of sickle cell disease. While individuals with sickle cell disease may experience recurrent infections or complications that could involve sinuses, sinusitis itself is not a direct consequence of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. It is generally more related to environmental factors, allergies, or other respiratory conditions. Thus, chronic sinusitis does not